Code Switching in Critical Eleven Novel

The objectives of this research are to find the types of code switching used in the novel and to describe the reasons influencing the use of code switching in the novel. This research used descriptive qualitative method. It means that it describes clearly about the fact of code switching whether the form and the reasons based on the data that gained through reading the whole contain of the novel. Analysis is focused on three types of code swtiching (inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tag-switching) and the reasons of using code switching. The results of the analysis reveal that mostly intersentential switching of utterance used in this novel.


Introduction
Every human kind, society, or nation in the world has their own languages.In the other words it may says that no human kind and no society live without language, because language is a part of human being.In a simple definition, language as a means of communication.Some people also agree that language is a medium to convey or share our ideas, thoughts, intentions, etc.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.There are three aspects to this study: language form, language meaning, and language in context (Armstrong and Ferguson, 2010, p. 21).Linguistics also includes the study of other aspects like the influence of social, cultural, historical and political factors on language.The study of such cultural discourses and dialects is the domain of sociolinguistics, which look at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures, as Sociolinguistic studies how the various languages are different among of groups in the social environment.It is separated by certain social variables for instance: ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.
One of sociolinguistic topics is code switching.Language and society are studied in sociolinguistics.Sociolinguistics also studied about code choice.Code choice is divided into code switching and code mixing.
Language and society cannot be separated.People always use code switching in their daily life.In a multilingual country the ability to switch from one language to another language is accepted as quite normal.The various languages are usually acquired naturally.People often switch the languages in their communication.In short, the way to switch two or more languages has been a language behavior in the society.
The phenomena of code switching can be found in media such as novel, magazine, newspaper, movie, radio broadcast, etc.The phenomenon of code switching is interesting because it often happens in the daily life.Code switching as the alternating use of two or more languages within conversations, has become a common phenomenon in the bilingual and multilingual society.The development of technology enables people from many countries to communicate one and another.People use English as a language to communicate with people all over the world, and they use their mother tongue and national language to communicate with their native's community.
The writer chooses the Indonesian novel Critical Eleven written by Ika Natassa, published in July 2015 to be analyzed because the writer is interested in finding the case of code switching in this novel.There are many code switching cases in the dialogues of Critical Eleven novel by Ika Natassa.Besides, it also has some reasons to use code switching in every dialogues.
Based on some reasons above, the writer finds some problems related to the topics.The writer will analyze and elaborate types of code switching in the novel and reasons for characters to switch the language in their conversation.more languages during his or her speech with another bilingual.It is because bilingual people tend to switch the code from one language to another, especially when the languages they know are used in their environment.It means the use of code switching depends on the speech community.
"Code switching is a speech style in which fluent bilinguals move in and out of two (or conceivably more) languages" (MacSwan, 2014, p.37).It means that code switching is speech style where the speakers deliberately change a language being used, by switching from one to another.Code switching involves the alternative language which is used by two languages or various linguistic within the same utterances or during the same conversations.In this case, the bilingual people are speaking to each other.The switching can consist of changing languages in that of monolinguals or shift of style.
Futhermore, "Code-switching is the selection by bilinguals or multilinguals of forms from an embedded language (or languages) in utterances of a matrix language during the same conversation" (Cantone, 2007, p.57).It means that code switching is defined as the phenomenon where in a bilingual or multilingual speaker shifts from one language to another in the utterances of the conversation.Wardhaugh (2006, p.101) states "code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations."It could possibly means that code switching is a strategy for a group of speakers as their major identity marker or for the group that should have deal with more than one language.
Code switching can take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a different language.A person may start speaking one language and then change to another one in the middle of their speech, or sometimes even in the middle of a sentence.Wardaugh (2006, p.98) also states "Code switching occurs when the language used, changes according to the situation in which the conversant find themselve.
The speakers here switch one code to another code or they speak in one language to another language".It means that code switching happens in bilingual society.
Code switching occurs when people use a particular code and suddenly change to another code.
As the theories above, the writer concludes that code switching is simply defined as using two or more languages in one conversation activity.This phenomenon generally occurs in society but people are not aware of it.

Types of code switching
Poplack in Schmidt (2014, p.24) classified three main types of code switching: inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tag-switching.
Each will be described below: Inter-sentential switching is used for switches between sentences and occurs at sentence boundaries, when each sentence is either in one language or the other.
An inter-sentential switching also happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language.
Intra-sentential switching is the term for switches within a sentence which is sometimes also called code mixing by some linguist.Intra-sentential code switching is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language.
Tag-switching involves the insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance which is entirely in the other language.Tag-switching can be an exclamation, a tag, or a parenthetical in another language than the rest of the sentence.For example 'you know', 'I mean'.Tag switching is subject to minimal syntactic restrictions; therefore, tags may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules.
In addition, Wardhaugh (2006, p.101-117) states that there are two kinds of code switching.Those are situational code switching, metaphorical code switching.Each type is related to each reason of code switching.Each will be described below: Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves; they speak one language in one situation and in a different one.No topic change is involved.
Metaphorical code-switching occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used."The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic.The choice encodes certain social values.Metaphorical codeswitching has an affective dimension to it: you change the code as you redefine the situation-formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.
Based on the theories above, the writer can conclude that many linguists gave different types of code switching.Each type tells why people switch their language in a situation.The situation can be formal and informal.

Reasons of code switching
When switching code, the motivation or reasons of the speaker is an important consideration in the process.Hoffman in Pardede and Kisno (2012, p.133) said that some reasons for bilingual switch or mix their language are lead to the following number:

Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another.Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.The case can be found in Singapore, in which English used to discuss about trade or a business matter, Mandarin for international "Chinese' language, Malay as the language of the region, and Tamil as the language of one of the important ethnic groups in the republic.

Quoting somebody else
A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of some well-known figures.The switch involves just the words that the speaker is claiming the quoted person said.The switch like a set of quotation marks.In Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries.Then, because many of the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.

Being emphatic about something (Express solidarity)
Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language.On the other hand, he switches from his second language to his first language because he feels more convenient to be emphatic in his second language rather than in his first language.

Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjections are words or expressions, which are inserted into a sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention.Interjection is a short exclamation like: Damn!, Hey!, Well!, Look! etc. they have no grammatical value, but a speaker uses them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing.Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector.It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.

Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingualist wants to clarify his speech to the listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages (codes) that he masters to tell the same message.Frequently, a message in one code is repeated in the other code literally.
A repetition is not only used for clarifying the speech, but also for amplifying or emphasizing a message.

Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual/multilingual talks to another bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occur.It means to make the content of his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener.A message in one code is repeated in the other code in somewhat modified form.

Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity.
The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups.In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community.
While Saville-Troike in Pardede and Kisno (2012, p.133) also gives some additional reasons for bilinguals and multilingual to switch or mix their languages, such as:

To soften or strengthen request or command
For Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian into English can also soften a request because English is not their native tongue, so it does not sound as direct as Indonesian.However, code mixing and code switching can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because he can use a language that not everybody can.

Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilinguals/multilinguals to switch or mix their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.When an English-Indonesian bilingual has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it easier to say it in Indonesian.And vice versa, when he has a word that is lacking in Indonesian, he will use the English term.If it is putted into Indonesian, the meaning will be hazy/vague, and sometime it would not practice.For example, in Indonesia, the technical topics are firmly associated with English and the topic itself can trigger a switch or mix to/with English.10.To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community they belong to.To avoid the other community or people interfering their communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the language that not everybody knows.Grosjean (1982, p.149) added that code-switching can also be used for many other reasons, such as quoting what someone has said (and thereby emphasizing one's group identity), specifying the addressee (switching to the usual language of a particular person in a group will show that one is addressing that person), qualifying that has been said, or talking about past events.On the basis of a number of factors such as with whom (participants: their backgrounds and relationships), about what (topic, content), and when and where a speech act occurs, bilinguals make their language choice.Based on the types described above, it can be seen that Hoffman, Saville-Troike and Grosjean gave a variety of reasons.All types refer to switching back and forth from one language to another to communicate to others based on the situation.

Methods
In collecting data and finding the relevant theories, the writer uses library research to to support the analysis from written sources such as from text books, internet and dictionaries.The descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the data that is a procedure or manner in solving the problem by describing or explaining the data and explore identifies towards the factual facts.By using this method the writer will elaborate and answer the problems stated by using pictures and dialogues.

Findings and discussion
The writer analyzes based on the theories that given by Poplack in Schmidt (2014, p.24).By following the theories, the writer classifies category of code switching used in the dialogues of Critical Eleven novel.The writer also gives the reason for the characters to switch their language based on Hoffman and Saville-Troike in Pardede and Kisno (2012:133) theories.Here are three types of code switching that the writer has found in Critical Eleven novel.

"Mau ke gedung konsernya aja udah penuh perjuangan, pas keluarnya masih ketemu macet yang lebih buruk lagi. Pernah tuh di
Sentul, keluarnya tiga jam sendiri.Macetnya bikin nggak waras.I hate Jakarta."(p.10/ch.1) The conversant (Anya) switched her language from Indonesian into English at the end of her utterance.She switched the language when talking about Jakarta with Ale, a man that she just met on her flight Jakarta to Sydney.
Since the switch has taken place at the boundary of the four sentences, this case is classified into inter-sentential switching.The main reason of this switching is to talk about a particular topic.The other reason is for intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, because the conversant switched her language is to make the content of her speech run smoothly and can be understood by the listener (Ale).2. "Nya, waktu itu kamu pernah cerita kan kalau lagi presentasi tentang strategi ke klien, kamu selalu bilang begitu kita mulai sepakat untuk menjalankan suatu strategi, we have to bet everything in it, harus total, anggap kita sudah menyebrang jembatan kemudian jembatannya itu kita bakar.There's no turning back.There's no chickening out in the middle and go back.This is it."(p.37/ch.3).
The utterance above, it can be seen that the speaker (Ale) deliberately changed the language which being used from Indonesian into English when he was proposing his girlfriend, Anya.
In the second, the third and the fourth sentences; 'There's no turning back', 'There's no chickening out in the middle and go back', 'This is it', are classified into inter-sentential switching because the switching occurrs in a complete sentece in a foreign language uttered between a base language.Code switching happens because the speaker talked about a particular topic that he felt free and more comfortable to switch the language.
3. "Le, junior masih diem.I'm really worried this time.Aku langsung ke RS ya, ketemu di sana aja.Call me when you land.Doain enggak apaapa ya, Le." (p.63/ch.5)From the utterance above, the conversant (Anya) switches her language from Indonesian into English when she was worried about her son.However, all the switch is found between sentences and occurred at sentence boundaries.It is clear now that this case is classified into inter-sentential switching.The reason for this switch is to talk about a particular topic, because the speaker is more comfortable to express her emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.The utterance from Raisa above is classified into inter-sentential switching, because the change of the language exists in a complete sentence.Raisa switched her language from Indonesian to English to talk about a particular topic, because she felt comfortable to express her emotional feelings.
6. "Just a little bit, Bro," Harris mengakui sambil tetap tertawa."Tapi tenang, nggak mempan.Anya sih kebal." (p.110/ch.11)The utterance can be catagorized as inter-sentential switching because the types of code switching above found in a complete sentence or at sentence boundary.The reason for this switch is talking about a particular topic when the speaker (Harris) explained something to the listener that he felt more enjoy to use other language.7. "Udah, percaya sama gue.Pasti nggak akan kenapa-kenapa, paling setelah itu kita semua juga ketawa.Ale can handle it, I know.Sekalikali, Nya, biar dia nggak serius-serius amat." (p.114/ch.14)The utterance above is classified into inter-sentential switching because the switch exists in a complete sentence, English is uttered between two sentences in a base language (Bahasa Indonesia).The switch happens because for intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, that make the content of her speech run smoothly and can be understood better by listener.8."You're hopeless, Bro.Memangnya dulu lo melamar Anya gimana?" (p.187/ch.17) The utterance above, the speaker switches the language at sentence boundary, so this is classified into inter-sentential switching.The conversant (Harris) switched the language when he talked with his brother.Discussing certain topic is the reason for this switch because he mastered the vocabulary and felt comfortable to explore his feelings.9."Bro, sini gue kasih tahu sesuatu," si Harris mencondongkan badannya ke gue."To woman, how you deliver the message is sometimes more important than the message itself."(p.187/ch.17) The utterance above belongs to inter-sentential switching, because Intersentential switching is found between sentences and occurrs at sentence boundary.
The reason for the switch is discussing a certain topic, the speaker (Harris) uses code switching because he feels more comfortable in expressing his mind.

Intra-sentential switching
1. Serius, Nya.Karena di Jakarta, semua orang berada in the state of trying."Wajahnya serius saat menjelaskan ini."Trying to get home, trying to get to work, trying to make money, trying to find a better sale, trying to stay, trying to leave, trying to work things out.Karena itu, buatku, Jakarta is a labyrinth of discontent.Dan semua orang, termasuk aku dan kamu, setiap hari berusaha untuk keluar dari labirin itu.The funny thing is, ketika kita hampir berhasil menemukan pintu keluarnya malah ketemu hambatan lagi, pulling us back to into the labyrinth.Kita justru senang karena nggak perlu tiba di titik nyaman.
It's the hustle and bustle of this city that we live for.Comfort zone is boring, right?" (p.11/ch.1)From the utterance above, the conversant (Ale) switched his language from Indonesian to English and back into Indonesian when he still had a conversation with Anya in the airplane.The sentences; 'in the state of trying', 'is a labyrinth of discontent', 'The funny thing is', and 'pulling us back to into the labyrinth', are classified into intra-sentential switching because it occurres within the sentence.
Talking about particular topic is the reason for using code switching.Besides, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor is also another reason here because he wanted the speech run smoothly and can be understood by the listener.Intra-sentential switching has occurred in the second language, 'in the middle of nowhere', when the speaker (Ale) inserted a clause of foreign language within the sentence in a base language.The reason of this case is to talk about particular topic.Another reason of this switch is for intention of clarifying the speech content, because the speaker wanted his speech run smoothly and can be understood by the listener.
3. "Nya, waktu itu kamu pernah cerita kan kalau lagi presentasi tentang strategi ke klien, kamu selalu bilang begitu kita mulai sepakat untuk menjalankan suatu strategi, we have to bet everything in it, harus total, anggap kita sudah menyebrang jembatan kemudian jembatannya itu kita bakar.There's no turning back.There's no chickening out in the middle and go back.This is it."(p.37/ch.3)In the utterance above, it can be seen that the speaker (Ale) deliberately change the language which being used from Indonesian into English.The speaker switches his language in the first sentence; 'we have to bet everything in it', that classified into intra-sentential switching, because it is found within the sentence.
The reason for this switch is quoting somebody else, because the speaker reminds the previous speaking.language.The main reason for this case is to talk about a particular topic, because the speakers feel free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings.The statement above, the conversant (Tara) switched her langauge from Indonesian into English at the beginning her utterance.Since the switch has occurred within the sentence, this case is classified into intra-sentential switching.
Talking about a particular topic is the main reason for this case because the speaker feels free and more comfortable when using foreign language.
6. "Kemarin!Gue udah telat seminggu, lantas akhirnya dua hari yang lalu gue coba test pack di rumah, positif.Tapi gue nggak mau ceritacerita dulu sampe udah ke dokter.Akhirnya kemarin sore gue ke dokter, and it's there, Nya! Anak si Juki udah nongol aja di USG!" (p.93/ch.9)Based on the statement above, the conversant (Tara) switched her language from Indonesian into English to explain something.She uses a phrase 'test pack' and a clause 'and it's there', within her first sentence.That is classified into intrasentential switching because it occurrs when she mixes her language within the sentence in a base language.Real lexical is the reason for this case since 'test pack' is easier to say it in English.That's why teh conversant is more comfortable to use this term in utterance above.The conversant (Tara) inserts a tag 'Nonsense' in her utterance that is included into tag-switching.She inserts a tag when she is talking about certain topic with Anya.9. "Cincin bohongan?Gila aja kalau cincin berlian beneran lo main tempel aja pakai selotip, dude."(p.301/ch.27) The statement from conversant (Ale) above also contains tag-switching case since he inserts a tag in the last his utterance when he is talking to his brother.
Expressing solidarity is the reason for switch languages above because he and his brother have a close relationship.

Conclusion
Using Poplack's Theory that is quoted by Schmidt, the writer found several utterances that uses code switching.They reveals in 9 utterances using intersentential switching, 11 utterances using intra sentential switching, and 9 utterances using tag switching.Some reasons of using code switching are also identified based on Pardede and Kusno's opinion.There are eight reasons that influence the characters in the novel to switch their languages.The reasons are talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something (express solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors, repitition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, to soften or strengthen request or command and because of real lexical need.
Language, Literature, and Teaching 40 well as the discourse analysis, which examine the structure of texts and conversations.